Bp oil spill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Can God and Real Evil Be Reconciled

Can God and Real Evil Be Reconciled The fight between the great and fiendishness has constantly intrigued people’s minds. A large number of books were composed on the conflict of the two powers, a huge number of motion pictures were shot to unveil the scale and the glory of this battle. Truth be told, numerous religions incorporate a portrayal of unquestionably the great and irrefutably the wickedness, the previous being commonly alluded to as God, while the last having incalculable number of names: fiend, Satan, Beelzebub, Baal, thus on.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Can God and Real Evil Be Reconciled? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the one hand, the last appears to be a finished cursed thing and, in this manner, doesn't merit the option to exist, which is stressed particularly emphatically in Christianity. The shrewd grasps an assortment of thoughts and ideas, yet it is constantly considered as something to dispose of for the last time. Harming and annihilat ing abhorrence, notwithstanding, doesn't appear to follow the fundamental standards of Christianity, which is established on the idea of affection and absolution. Along these lines, there is just a single method to deal with the idea of malice, which is to grasp it. In spite of the way that God and the Evil are generally contradicted in Christianity, the main conceivable method of taking care of the underhandedness ought to be seen through the compromise of the two, since the previous, as the alpha and omega of the universe, produced the making of the last mentioned and is, truth be told, identified with it. While the presence of the fiendishness is affirmed by the Bible, one may in any case discover it very disputable that God, who, as indicated by the Bible, speaks to the most simply, the most idealistic and the kindest element really takes into consideration the abhorrence to exist. The general thought of God taking into account abhorrent sounds sufficiently strange. For sure, as per the fundamental Biblical premises, God rebuffs miscreants, i.e., the individuals who do detestable things. In any case, it is as yet unquestionable that malice is a fundamental piece of the universe, which picks the inquiry whether the two should fight with one another or to accommodate. There are a few responses to this inquiry. As indicated by one speculation, the way that the insidiousness and God exist together can be clarified by the way that there must be elements between the great and wickedness; in any case, the world as we probably am aware it would have stopped to exist. As Jacobs clarifies, a large portion of the false impressions concerning the birthplace of the malevolence and the connection among God and the Evil originate from the absence of comprehension of the genuine significance of Good and Evil (Jacobs, 2003, 311). Another complaint against the way that God has command over the malevolent concerns the nonappearance of any activities against the shrewdness from God. There is no record of any battle among God and Satan in the Bible, there is no referencing of any wonder occurring so as to forestall the verifiable scalawags, various slaughters, destructions and different ghastly violations against mankind have been submitted regardless of the way that God Almighty looks out for humankind, as indicated by what Christians say.Advertising Looking for exposition on theory? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To illuminate the given clash between the Biblical standards and the truth it will be required to investigate the particulars of the Christian religion somewhat closer. Among the responses to the given issue, Augustine’s Solution is referenced frequently. As per Augustine of Hippo, shrewdness couldn't emerge out of God †rather, it needed to exist as a different substance. Augustine contends that the decency is the normal condition of people and that underhandedness is u nfamiliar to the regular reality: â€Å"Evil is in opposition to nature; truth be told, it can just mischief to nature; and it would not be a shortcoming to pull back from God were it not that it is progressively normal to follow him. It is that reality which makes a withdrawal a deficiency. That is the reason the decision of insidiousness is a noteworthy confirmation that the nature is good† (11.17). (Schuler, 2008, 33) Therefore, as indicated by Schuler, Augustine’s contention is consummately practical. As Schuler clarified, â€Å"Thus, fiendishness can be distinguished as that which neutralizes the common tendencies of people, and for Augustine, with respect to all Christians, people were made to be normally pulled in to God† (Schuler, 2008, 33). Really, the given contention has the right to be referenced as an undeniable idea of good and abhorrence in the Christian religion. Then again, it ought to likewise be remembered that, as per the Christian religion, Lucifer, who basically is simply the malice, is a fallen holy messenger, i.e., a has-been component of the Heaven and, thusly, the great (Scudder, 2001). As the ongoing theosophical examines state, the birthplace of Satan gives a ton of nourishment for contemplations and, along these lines, questions the root of fiendishness, permitting to propose that the abhorrence was generated from the decency. Despite the fact that the proof concerning the starting point of the insidiousness when all is said in done and the Satan specifically is fairly ambiguous, it is as yet worth referencing that in many sources that can be characterized as dependable, Satan is referenced as a has-been holy messenger, i.e., a previous inhabitant of paradise, who chose to utilize his craftiness to oppose the Lord. There are numerous understandings of the given story; to the extent the customary Biblical translation goes, there is no accurate articulation concerning the Satan being a previous blessed messenger, yet the accompanying line can be deciphered as the evidence that the Satan used to dwell in paradise once (as per the King James adaptation of the Bible): â€Å"How craftsmanship thou tumbled from paradise, O Lucifer, child of the morning! how craftsmanship thou chop to the cold earth, which didst debilitate the nations!† (Isaiah 14:12). The way that the Lucifer was alluded to as the â€Å"son of the morning,† just as the referencing of his fall, demonstrates the possibility that he used to have a place in Heaven. Thusly, it tends to be expected that the Evil was brought forth from goodness and temperance; consistently, these two must share something for all intents and purpose †and, truth be told, they do. Both speak to the most distant boundaries, both have little to do with anything identified with the human world because of their craziness, and both are mysteriously interwoven in each and every person.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Can God and Real Evil Be Reconciled? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, it will be sensible to expect that, when interwoven, the two neither conflict, nor destroy; rather, they speak to an individual, with his/her flaws, resources and good standards. In this manner, the great and the shrewdness can't be considered totally incongruent; in actuality, they blend into an unconventional merge of transgression and excellence. Consequently, malice ought not be battled against until it at long last disappears suddenly and completely, for it is a totally out of reach objective; rather, the great and the wickedness ought to be reconciled. Hence, conceding the presence of underhanded, one will unavoidably pose oneself an inquiry concerning what the insidiousness is required for. There are numerous methods of deciding the job of the abhorrence. From Jacobs’ perspective, the two essential jobs that the malicious plays in the Biblical stories are 1) the idea that fill s in as the foil for the Goodness to advance; 2) the idea that causes one characterize the line between the good and the indecent. Without the insidious as a component of the human world, it is difficult to make sense of what is acceptable and what is terrible. The malevolent fills in as a kind of perspective point for individuals to adhere to a meaningful boundary between the good and the improper, in this way, getting ready to transform into idealistic adherents (Pachuau, 2007). Without the shrewd, one would not have the option to characterize the idea of good activities and highminded conduct. Accordingly, detestable activities would be completed in the end. The underhandedness can be viewed as a component that the world needs to have as a marker for the region that must not be trodden (Browning Reed, 2004). Regardless of whether there was no underhanded on the planet, individuals would have in the long run found it, for the mankind has to know where the limits between what is pe rmitted and what is precluded lie. It would not be right to expect that, because of the connection among God and malice, the previous has a detestable component also. Rather, the two ought to be seen as two inverse substances, one of which originates from another. Rather, it ought to be expected that the abhorrence must exist together with the great, since without the previous, the last can't be characterized. While outright righteousness is viewed as a definitive objective of the Christianity, it is important to concede that the given objective is not really achievable, which implies that the mankind needs both the possibility of the great and the possibility of the shrewdness so as to characterize the essential standards of profound quality and prudence to follow. Reference List Browning, R. L. Reed, R. A. (2004). Absolution, compromise and good boldness: Motives and structures for Ministry in a disturbed world. Excellent Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.Advertising Searching for paper on reasoning? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Jacobs, M. R. (2003). The applied elements of good and abhorrence in the Joseph story: An interpretative and hermeneutical request. Diary of the Study of the Old Testament, 27, 309â€338. Pachuau, M. (2007). Development of good and shrewdness in Iris Murdoch’s talk. New Delhi, IN: Sales Office. Schuler, S. J. (2008). Augustinian Auden: The impact of Augustine of Hippo on W. H. Auden. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest. Scudder, P. (2001). How Jesus accommodated humanity to God. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.

Can I Get Addicted to Xanax Even If It Was Prescribed

Can I Get Addicted to Xanax Even If It Was Prescribed Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print Can I Get Addicted to Xanax? By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 03, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 28, 2019 Russell Johnson / EyeEm / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Xanax is a prescription medication  that  is sometimes prescribed to people with a variety of anxiety disorders, as well as for those who have been through upsetting experiences, such as the death of a loved one, to help calm them down and help them sleep. Even though it is addictive, people still often ask the question, Will I get addicted to Xanax when it has been prescribed by my physician? Why Would My Doctor Prescribe a Potentially Addictive Drug? For people who have been through a shocking and  distressing experience, the feelings of anxiety they are experiencing are normal under the circumstances. Insomnia is also common. Although incidents such as the unexpected death of a loved one are very upsetting, grief is a natural human process that takes time to overcome.  The distressing feelings do get better, but it is often difficult to predict how long it will take someone to deal with a stressor, such as an unexpected loss, emotionally. In these circumstances, it is understandable that your physician would prescribe you Xanax.  Xanax is a benzodiazepine medication  that works very quickly and effectively to reduce anxiety and help with sleep. Physicians often prescribe these medications to help patients feel better when they are very distressed, and generally, patients find them helpful in the short term. Xanax can calm people quickly and effectively and can help promote relaxation and sleep when taken as prescribed. For those who only take the dose given by their doctor, and who only take the drug for a brief period until things settle down, these medications can be part of a coping strategy which includes emotional and practical support, as needed. The Risk of Benzodiazepine Addiction However, benzodiazepines do carry some risk of addiction.  Although most who take them never develop issues with addiction or abuse, many people who take them at high enough doses over a long enough period of time do, at the very least, experience a  rebound effect  when they stop taking them. A rebound effect is a more pronounced version of the symptoms you were taking the medication for, so in your case, you are likely to feel an increase in anxiety and sleeplessness. Some people develop a more severe addiction to benzodiazepines, especially if they take a higher dose than  was originally prescribed. If you ask your physician for a higher dose, he or she may feel it is supportive to prescribe it, even though  the risk that you will become addicted increases. Under the circumstances, your physician may believe the most important thing right now is to help you get through the difficult time. Not everyone who takes benzodiazepines gets addicted or to the same extent.  Although many clinicians believe that addiction is unpredictable, research has shown that there are psychological and situational factors that can affect it. In general, there is a personality profile associated with the tendency to become addicted to benzodiazepines.  Those who become addicted tend to cope in more emotional ways than those who take benzodiazepines but dont become addicted. These people cope in task-based ways instead. Those who become addicted tend to withdraw more from social situations, and they tend to have had more adverse life events. How to Avoid Addiction to Benzodiazepines If you decide to take  prescribed benzodiazepines for your anxiety or sleep problems, it is very important not to take more of the medication than prescribed. It might also be worth talking to your doctor about alternative medications or non-medication approaches to treatment, or contacting a mental health professional to find out what they recommend. For example, there are effective psychotherapies for treating anxiety, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, and  lifestyle changes that will promote improved sleep in the long term. Although it is important to recognize the risk of addiction, it is also important to take care of yourself emotionally. Whatever you and your doctor decide is the right treatment for you, it would help to spend time with a trusted, caring person who will understand and support you during difficult times. If you feel unable to cope with your feelings and feel that there is no-one to turn to, go to your nearest emergency room or call 911. How Long Does Xanax Stay in Your System?

Literary Elements Of Bram Stoker s Dracula - 1994 Words

Vampire stories are full of mystery and suspense and also very interesting, but did you know that the story of Dracula has plenty of literary elements that better help the reader analyze and understand the story better than before. Dracula is a Vampire/Victorian book that expresses a lot of elements for example: symbolism. Literary terms are terms used to discuss, classify, and analyze novels, poetry, and books like Dracula. These terms are the most important aspects in a piece of work. Throughout the book: Dracula many terms are present to discuss or classify the author’s work that will lift the reader knowledge. Literary terms convey the writer’s message in a simple manner to the readers. In Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the use of literary†¦show more content†¦These gothic elements are elements that represent the dark features of the book that are happening to Jonathan and what he is going through. Round characters are throughout the story and all play a significant role during the story. Jonathan, Mina, and Dr.Seward are all round characters that make a significant impact on the story. The round characters play a significant and impactful part, throughout the story. For example, when Mina Harker was in the process of becoming a vampire in Chapter 26 she guides and helps the group consisting of Jonathan, Mina, Seward, Vanhelsing, Arthur, and Quincey Morris track down Dracula so they can have the jump on him. â€Å"All day long we have traveled...† (Stoker 393). This shows that Mina has given them information on Dracula and join them in the journey. They find and kill him to set Mina soul free. Dr. Seward was a Doctor who helped Mina and Lucy to save one of their lives. The quote shows that round characters play a big part in the story. Jonathan develops throughout the story. It proves round’s play a major role throughout the book even though some may not even not ice. But they play a role that can change up the whole story. The round character has to develop like Mina did. Romantic relations/conventions are showed during the duration of the story. There are many things that Jonathan encounters, but he writes in his journal that he was part of some sort of â€Å"queer dream†. Jonathan experiences a queer dream as part of aShow MoreRelatedLiterary Elements Of Bram Stoker s Dracula2026 Words   |  9 Pagesdid you know that the story of Dracula has plenty of literary elements that better help the reader analyze and understand the story better than before. Dracula is a Vampire/Victorian book that expresses a lot of elements for example: symbolism. Literary terms such as gothic and romantics are terms used to discuss, classify, and analyze novels, poetry, and books like Dracula. These terms are the most important aspects in a piece of work. Throughout the book: Dracula many terms are present to discussRead MoreWeaknesses Of Dracula1674 Words   |  7 Pageswho sparkles? Dracula was written in 1897 and is the first piece of literature that includes vampires and sets up the characteristics of future vampires. Dozen of works of literature has been created based off of the creature in Dracula for example the novel Twilight and as time goes on literature has tweaked some of the vampire’s traits, powers and weaknesses. Dracula is a gothic novel with gothic elements such as a decaying setting and supernatural beings or monsters. Bram Stoker is an author fromRead More Intertextual Exchange in Carmilla, Dracula and the Historian1639 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Writers seldom duplicate their influential precursor(s); rather, they often work within a certain framework established by other writers or generic conventions, but vary aspects of it in significant ways† (Friedman 155). Sheridan Le Fanu’s, Carmilla, Bram Stoker’s, Dracula and Elizabeth Kostova’s, The Historian, clearly engage in this intertextual exchange, as evidenced by their use of narrative structure and striking character parallels. Published in 1872, Le Fanu relates the story of CarmillaRead MoreGothic Elements And Gothic Elements In Bram Stokers Dracula2068 Words   |  9 PagesGothic Elements in Dracula A Gothic novel is one which incorporates all the modes of literature such as horror, the setting, suspense, superstition, atmosphere, horror etc. In the story Dracula the author shows these traits in various sections of the story that makes it a lot more interesting and it is one of the main characteristics beside the various other features that makes this story great. Dracula is a story by Mr. Bram Stoker during the Victorian era where Count Dracula is the antagonistRead MoreGothic Elements In Dracula Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesBram Stoker s Dracula is a staple of the Gothic Horror genre. It is a novel that has been scrutinized by countless readers since it was published in 1897. While Stoker s novel is certainly not the first example of a piece of gothic horror, or even the first example of a gothic horror story focusing categorically on vampires, it still managed to plenarily capture the attention of the public. But not only did Dracula enthrall the readers of its time, but it perpetuated to be a mainstay of the gothicRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1035 Words   |  5 PagesHyde-ing In Plain Sight: The Duality of Dr. Jekyll Robert Louis Stevenson s initial notoriety came as an avatar of expansive adventure fiction, most famously through 1883 s Treasure Island. Just three years later, however, he would cement his status as one of the 19th century s most popular and versatile writers by releasing the horror suspense novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. It s a testament to Stevenson s concept of the duality of man-- the pious intellectual and the wantonRead MoreComparing Bram Stoker’s Dracula and the 1972 Film Blacula Essay1917 Words   |  8 PagesBram Stoker’s Dracula is not only a classic story of men and monsters, but a dramatic reactionary work to the perceived threats to Victorian society in nineteenth century England. In modern times there have been many film adaptations of the novel, each developing a unique analysis or criticism of the literary text within the framework of the society and time period in which it was created. The 1972 film Blacula is one of the most culturally specific variations on the story of Dracula, and highlightsRead MoreEnglish Source Doc.7581 Words   |  31 PagesTitle: Dracula: Stoker s Response to the New Woman Author(s): Carol A. Senf Publication Details: Victorian Studies 26.1 (Autumn 1982): p33-49. Source: Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Vol. 156. Detroit: Gale, 2006. From Literature Resource Center. Document Type: Critical essay Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale, COPYRIGHT 2007 Gale, Cengage Learning Full Text:   [(essay date autumn 1982) In the following essay, Senf contends that, contraryRead MoreLiterary Origins, Cultural Relevance, And Documentary Techniques2930 Words   |  12 PagesRebecca Holland Visual Anthropology Dracula and Friends - Literary Origins, Cultural Relevance, and Documentary Techniques in the Cinematic Space of the American Vampire Film Beginning with a debut in American cinema in 1927 (1), the vampire has enjoyed a long and illustrious cinematic sojourn that has tracked a number of changes in his or her appearance, demeanor, personality, style of undeath, and relationship to humankind. At first an intimate invader, then a source of terror to be loathedRead MoreGraphic In Comic Books And Graphic Novelsbram1158 Words   |  5 Pages Page:of 10 Graphic BleedVampires in comic books and graphic novelsBram Stoker’s Dracula #1 (1992). Panel art by Mike Mingola.Since the 18th century, Vampires have ultimatelytranscended narrativeboundaries and genre divides. The Vampiresub- ­Ã¢â‚¬ culturehasflourishes in neo gothic aesthetics in science fiction and fantasy,in romantic and young adultliteratureand incelluloid. Vampiregraphic

Essay on Dobbie the Duck - 768 Words

On a farm near the state of Oklahoma, there lived a little duck named Dobbles. Dobbles was the most energetic, loud, and crazy duck on the farm. The pond near the farm was his favorite place to play. He and his friends were always having fun and causing mischief at the pond. It was the perfect place to cool off during the summer. One day when Dobbles went to the pond, none of his friends were there. They met at that pond at the same time everyday, so he was very worried. Dobbles looked everywhere for them. He looked behind their favorite log, near the tallest tree, in the water, and in the grass, but he couldn’t find them anywhere. He kept shouting, â€Å"Daffy, Donald, Daisy! Is anyone out there?† There was no reply, and Dobbles became very†¦show more content†¦I don’t know what you are talking about.† â€Å"Mother Hen found an even bigger pond up north. It has a huge apple tree and so many cool places to play hide-and-seek! The plan was to go there today instead of this pond. I had to talk to Mother Hen, so I told Donald to tell you.† â€Å"That’s weird. Donald never told me anything.† â€Å"That is really weird. He usually never forgets these things. Let’s go to the pond to ask him. Also, we need to let everyone know you’re safe.† They went to the other pond, told everyone the news, and tried to find Donald. Donald was by a big tree playing with Huey, Dewey, and Louie on a swing that tied to a branch of the tree at the top. â€Å"Hey Dobbles! Where were you? We were looking for you, but you never showed up,† said Donald. â€Å"Dob bles said that you never told him about the pond,† said Daisy. â€Å"I was busy cleaning the barn last night, so I told Daffy to tell you,† replied Donald. Dobbles, Daisy, and Donald knew that Daffy was sometimes irresponsible, so they decided to go talk to him and figure out what happened. â€Å"Hey Daffy, did you remember to tell Dobbles about coming to the pond today?† asked Donald. â€Å"I was trying to find something to eat with Dewey last night, so I asked Huey to tell him,† Daffy replied. â€Å"Here we go again,† said Dobbles. They all went to find Huey. â€Å"Hey Guys! What’s up?† greeted Huey. â€Å"Did you remember to tell Dobbles about going to the pond

Childhood affected poems Essay Example For Students

Childhood affected poems Essay This makes you automatically judge what the poem will be like. In Duffys poem she uses alliteration to describe nicer things,  sweet shop  When you hear this you feel happier and think of nicer things.  In Heaneys poem he describes things that arent really a nice image,  jampotfuls and jellied  These dont sound as nice or give you as nice of an image as sweet shop does.  In the third stanza of Duffys poem it makes you feel sort of relieved,  freed and followed. This reminds you more of being a child. The word freed makes u feel a lot less trapped and feel more comfortable.  In stanza 2 of Heaneys poem he uses,  coarse croaking.  This seems more threatening as it gives you the image of being surrounded by frogs. Both these poems mention croaking in them.  At the end of Duffys poem it starts to get more negative,  tasted and tangible.  The word tangible makes you feels uncomfortable. The last piece of alliteration is,  sky and split. This isnt a positive thought therefore both poems end negatively.  Both poems use a range of similes. In Duffys poem she uses a simile in a more positive way,  The classroom glowed like a sweet shop.  This is a nice colourful image; also as well as being a simile this quote also has alliteration which has worked well. However in Heaneys poem the use of simile in negative,  their loose necks pulsed like sails.  This isnt a nice image and is more a threatening thought. It makes us understand more clearly the thoughts of each writer and how their childhood affected their poems. Another simile used in Heaneys poem is just as negative, poised like mud grenades . This makes it sound more dangerous as grenades are life threatening. There is also a negative simile used in Duffys poem,  Brady and Hindley faded, like the faint, uneasy smudge of mistake.  This quote begins to even out the negativeness used in the poems. Although there are more similes used in Heaneys poem,  frogspawn that grew like clotted water.  The word clotted makes it sound more dangerous.  Heaney also uses metaphor in his poem, again in a more negative way,  Daily it sweltered in the punishing sun. This makes you think of pain and sort of feel sympathy for the person because its like hes being punished. Duffys poem uses metaphor in a negative way at the end of her poem,  The air tasted of electricity  In a way this sort of reminds me of pain as well, like an electric shock. Heaney makes you feel uncomfortable,  The air was thick  This is more a feeling of being claustrophobic which is very intimidating and makes you feel a bit sick. He also mentions angry frogs which makes you feel worried as the frogs could attack at any moment. Heaney uses metaphor throughout his poem and Duffy only uses it at the end of her poem. I found the personification in each poem very interesting, especially in Duffys poem,  The laugh of a bell.  I found this an amazing way to describe something and it makes me feel full of joy. Surprisingly I found that at the start of Heaneys poem he uses some positive personification,  heart of the townland  This sounds happy and makes it out to be a nice place so you dont really expect the rest of the poem to sound so negative.  I found the personification in Duffys poem better as it used more throughout her poem,  A xylophones nonsense heard from another form.  This reminds me a lot of my childhood especially the way she mentioned nonsense. I found one piece of personification shocking coming from a child but it shows she is getting older,  Heavy sexy sky.  I wouldnt expect a younger person to use the term sexy to describe something.  Neither poems rhymed which I found disappointing. I think they would be more enjoyable to read if there was rhythm. In Duffys poem where she used the word chanted I think she could have made it better by making the countries rhyme.  Heaneys poem has used Onomatopoeia in a funny but disturbing way,  The slap and plop. .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 , .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .postImageUrl , .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 , .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81:hover , .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81:visited , .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81:active { border:0!important; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81:active , .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81 .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8dd684bdb6f5977bef497b31a64c9f81:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Has Seen the Wind: Brian's Apprehension of Life EssayDuffy uses onomatopoeia in a completely different way which makes you feel calm and relaxed,  Mrs Tilcher chanted the scenery.  There is not really any repetition of words in either of the poems which I think makes them less threatening.  After reading both poems I can feel empathy for both poets. In Heaneys poem it made me remember when I went out and collected frogspawn, but I never found it scary or threatening like his poem makes it sound. Therefore I would prefer Duffys poem. In her poem everything said in it happened to me during my childhood in school. Reading Duffys poem made me think back to me sitting in class in a brightly coloured classroom. Although I was disappointed that it didnt rhyme at all because it would have made me enjoy it even more.

Why Did Stalin Succeed Lenin and not Trotsky Essay Example

Why Did Stalin Succeed Lenin and not Trotsky Essay After Lenins death Russia looked for a new leader. The two favourites were about to embark on a political campaign; trying to eliminate each other out of the running with their popularity, ideas for the future dedication. Some say however, it was Stalins ability to manipulate the people around him, using them to higher his popularity and to aid his lack of political knowledge. Trotsky had a number of titles and past successes; he was the leader of the red army and played a crucial role in the 1917 revolution. But Stalin was underestimated; he used his position effectively to throw Trotsky out of the party.As a youth Stalin was a troublesome child. Before he was fifteen, he was kicked out of seminary school for committing crimes; he then moved on to a young adulthood of terrorism, and had numerous run-ins with the Tsarist police force along the way. He was exiled to Siberia and was imprisoned for his rebellious behaviour. He already had the making of a great leader; dedicated and brav e. However, he was claimed to be a poor decision maker, lacked the capacity to produce an inspirational speech and his political knowledge was rudimentary to say the least. Walter Laqueur wrote:He certainly did not obtain his leadership on his outstanding moral qualities; on the contrary, there was in him a strong streak of both criminality and madness that became more pronounced with age.He also writes:Stalin was in no way designed to be an idol of the masses: He was neither a demonic, hypnotic figure like Hitler or Mussolini, who could impart emotions to millions, nor a Pied Piper, seductive in leadership. Unlike Lenin, he could not impose his authority naturally on his peers. He was no intellectual; Trotsky, Bukharin, and many others were superior to him in this respect.This basically states that Stalins leadership qualities were not competing with the qualities the other leaders had to offer, in this case, Trotsky.Stalin was far from decisive. He took time and thought his action s through, sometimes he took too long. He seemed incapable of making speedy decisions. He was neither a thinker nor solver, he was unable to come up with new idea or concepts, and pioneer is usually not a word associated with Stalin. Stalin would adopt other peoples idea and put them forward as his own. As a member of Ex.Com, a colleague said Stalin was aa grey blur which flickered obscurely and left no trace, this backs up my statement, saying he was insignificant yet manipulative at the same time.Stalin worked his way up, befriending Lenin during the civil war. Stalin published theses by Lenin, but altered them to make them softer opposed to aggressive, which was more consistent with the party line.After this, Stalin became more involved in the party and he was later appointed to General Secretary of Food Supplies. In this role he did very well, and as time went on his duties became more complex. This was due to him self; he wrote this to Lenin in relation to the White and Cossack advance to Tsaritsyn, somebody (or me) [be given] special authority in military matters to take urgent measures in South Russia before it is too late. His ambition to get to the top is evident in this statement. It shows he was not satisfied with his role at that moment, and urged for more work.Lenin became ill; he suffered a series of strokes which left him almost completely incapacitated as the leader of the Soviet Federation. A number of members took his place, however, Lenin carried on leading the party.Stalin was elected to take care of Lenin, and with Stalins future in Lenins hands, he was going to keep a good eye on him. It seems as though Stalin wanted Lenin out of the party, keep him away from political work as much as possible. One example when Stalin found out Lenin was engaged in political relations, he went in to a fit of rage over the phone to Lenins wife for allowing a letter to be sent to Trotsky. Reportedly he called her such things as a syphilitic whore. It was qu ite evident that Stalin badly wanted to lead Russia, and the pressure of his self-motivation was causing him to lose all control over his actions. Lenin found out; he began to produce speeches and letters in order to crush Stalin politically. However, the very next day Lenin died, leaving the door open to the leader of the party to Stalin and Trotsky.Stalin used his role as the carer of Lenin effectively. He published pictures of him and Lenin smiling, as if to say they were good friends. Some were counterfeit; a happy Lenin would be pasted on to a picture of Stalin. This is the length Stalin would go to in able become leader. This is an example of his manipulative skills; he used Lenin as his advantage.Resultantly to this Stalin became General Secretary of the party. In this role, Stalin basically controlled the appointing of people. There were four real contenders for the leader of the Party. Trotsky seemed to be the favourite, with past successes on his side, he could organize, t alk and lead just as he did when he organized and created the red guards to invade Petrograd in the October revolution and he also lead the Red Army to victory during the civil war in an inspiration battle. On the other hand, he was believed not to be loyal; he joined the Bolsheviks and turned his back on the Mensheviks. He was a military man, and some feared he would become a vicious dictator trying to conquer Europe. The also feared Mother Russia would become neglected under him due to his ambition to spread communism and this was one of his main aims. He never depended on people and found it hard to make friends; therefore he was unpopular amongst the party members.Zinoviev and Kamenev were determined to stop Trotsky becoming leader, they were left-wingers.Stalin appointed people in the party who were loyal to him to senior party positions. This meant Stalins rivals had no support in the party.Stalin needed more than this to make sure he would become leader. He used Zinoviev and Kamenev to attack Trotsky in numbers and so eventually Trotsky was dismissed as Commissar for War. Trotsky had no support at all at this point, and so was voted out by the members loyal to Stalin. His views clashed with the Partys new policy, communism in one country.After that Stalin again appointed people who were loyal to him. Due to this, Zinoviev and Kamenev were dismissed. They believed in fast economic modernisation but the majority of the Politburo believed in the New Economic Policy, a gradual reform of the economy.With the entire contenders kicked out, Stalin was now in complete control and without a single election.Stalins ambition in the end prevailed. He worked his way up, and his positions in the party given to him, he used effectively. Trotsky lacked people support, and came across as an unpopular outcast. Stalin was patient in his actions, when he was General Secretary he simple waited and waited until he had the full support of the party. He was a pure opportunist.T rotsky thought his ideas how to run the country were going to drag him to victory, that wasnt that case, a lot more was required, and Stalin acquired it.

Employers Favor State Schools for Hires †But Ivy League is Still the Best Pick

Employers Favor State Schools for Hires – But Ivy League is Still the Best Pick As the owner of a company that coaches students on their college applications to Ivy League and other elite liberal arts schools, I was disconcerted to read a Wall Street Journal study finding that the largest public and private companies, nonprofits and government agencies favor graduates who did not attend Ivy League Colleges.   In fact, Cornell University is the only Ivy League school that ranked in the top 25.   The top picks?   Pennsylvania State University, Texas AM University, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Despite this apparent problem for my business, I thought it fair to share the article with my readers.   And thankfully, upon further thought, I realized that it is not a problem at all.   Here’s why: If you think you will go on to obtain a graduate degree, this report does not apply.   It did not provide any information about how many Ivy League graduates go on to graduate school, or what the rates of employment are for Ivy League graduates with advanced degrees.   And we know from PayScale.com that â€Å"the typical Ivy League bachelor’s graduate earns about 27 percent more early in their career, and about 47 percent more by the time he or she is about 40, than the typical bachelor’s graduate from all   U.S. schools.† How can we reconcile these apparently contradictory pieces of information? What I make of all this is that if you don’t plan on going to graduate school, it might behoove you to attend a state school or other school on the Wall Street Journal’s list.   If law, medical, business or other graduate school is in your future, Ivy League is still the way to go.   And although I don’t have a report to back it up, I believe many Ivy-bound high school graduates have no intention of calling four years a complete education. What do you think?   Will this information affect where you or your son or daughter applies to college? For the full Wall Street Journal article go to Employers Favor State Schools for Hires. Also see Penn State Tops Recruiter Rankings. And if Ivy League or top liberal arts schools are still in your or your child’s future, call The Essay Expert at 608-467-0067 or visit our College Essay Services page.

Dorothea Dix, Advocate for the Mentally Ill

Dorothea Dix, Advocate for the Mentally Ill Dorothea Dix was born in Maine in 1802.   Her father was a minister, and he and his wife raised Dorothea and her two younger brothers in poverty, sometimes sending Dorothea to Boston to her grandparents. After studying at home, Dorothea Dix became a teacher when she was 14 years old.   When she was 19 she started her own girls’ school in Boston.   William Ellery Channing, a leading Boston minister, sent his daughters to the school, and she became close to the family.   She also became interested in the Unitarianism of Channing.   As a teacher, she was known for strictness.   She used her grandmother’s home for another school, and also started a free school, supported by donations, for poor children. Struggling With Her Health At 25 Dorothea Dix became ill with tuberculosis, a chronic lung disease.   She quit teaching and focused on writing while she was recovering, writing mainly for children.   The Channing family took her with them on retreat and on vacations, including to St. Croix.   Dix, feeling somewhat better, returned to teaching after a few years, adding into her commitments the care of her grandmother.   Her health again seriously threatened, she went to London in hopes that would help her recovery.   She was frustrated by her ill health, writing â€Å"There is so much to do†¦.† While she was in England, she became familiar with efforts at prison reform and better treatment of the mentally ill.   She returned to Boston in 1837 after her grandmother died and left her an inheritance that allowed her to focus on her health, but now with an idea in mind of what to do with her life after her recovery. Choosing a Path to Reform In 1841, feeling strong and healthy, Dorothea Dix visited a women’s jail in East Cambridge, Massachusetts, to teach Sunday School.   She had heard of awful conditions there. She investigated and was especially horrified at how women declared insane were being treated. With the help of William Ellery Channing, she began working with well-known male reformers, including Charles Sumner (an abolitionist who would become a Senator), and with Horace Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe, both educators of some renown.   For a year and a half Dix visited prisons and places where the mentally ill were kept, often in cages or chained and often abused. Samuel Gridley Howe (husband of Juliet Ward Howe) supported her efforts by publishing about the need for reform of the care of the mentally ill, and Dix decided she had a cause to devote herself to.   She wrote to the state legislators calling for specific reforms, and detailing the conditions she had documented.   In Massachusetts first, then in other states including New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Maryland, Tennessee and Kentucky, she advocated for legislative reforms.   In her efforts to document, she became one of the first reformers to take social statistics seriously. In Providence, an article she wrote on the topic generated a large donation of $40,000 from a local businessman, and she was able to use this to move some of those imprisoned for mental â€Å"incompetence† to a better situation. In New Jersey and then in Pennsylvania, she won approval of new hospitals for the mentally ill. Federal and International Efforts By 1848, Dix had decided that reform needed to be federal.   After initial failure she got a bill through Congress to fund efforts to support people who were disabled or mentally ill, but President Pierce vetoed it. With a visit to England, during which she saw Florence Nightingale’s work, Dix was able to enlist Queen Victoria in studying the conditions there of the mentally ill, and won improvements in the asylums.   She moved on to working in many countries in England, and even convinced the Pope to build a new institution for the mentally ill. In 1856, Dix returned to America and worked for five more years advocating for funds for the mentally ill, both at federal and state levels. Civil War In 1861, with the opening of the American Civil War, Dix turned her efforts to military nursing.   In June of 1861, the U.S. Army appointed her as superintendent of Army nurses.   She tried to model nursing care on that of Florence Nightingale’s famous work in the Crimean War. She worked to train young women who volunteered for nursing duty.   She fought doggedly for good medical care, often coming into conflict with the physicians and surgeons.   She was recognized in 1866 by the Secretary of war for her extraordinary service. Later Life After the Civil War, Dix again devoted herself to advocating for the mentally ill. She died at age 79 in New Jersey, in the July of 1887.

The Health Care Industry in the Business World Essay

The Health Care Industry in the Business World - Essay Example This essay stresses that NHS is a company that has to improve its communication and intergration of accounting techniques and procedures to improve their level of understanding of how different variables can affect the financial bottom line of a company and how these techniques are able to measure precisely the performance of a company in different operational areas. A conglomarate health care organization which has many units performing different and similar type services has to receice support from all business departments to produce information that enables a company to support the decision making process of the company which is perform by the executive managerial staff of NHS. This paper makes a conclusion that it is difficult for a company to succedd if teamwork and productive synergies are not developed about the varios business units and operation departmetn of a company. Providing supporting services is the responsibility of professionals who work as business adminitrators. Within an organization one of the most influenctial deparments that prepares information regarding the economic activity in a company is the accounting staff. There are many techniques that manipulate information to convert raw data into valuable business reports and information that provides a compilation of the internal financial behavior of an organization as well as other information regarding the industry in which a company operates.

The senior management team would like you to produce a Marketing Plan Essay

The senior management team would like you to produce a Marketing Plan Considering marketing strategies and tactics within your report - Essay Example Marketing creates link. The link involves so many stakeholders both inside an organization and the outside market. Planning to reach out to the wider market becomes therefore a critical issue and involves a good marketing plan to implement it (Ashishi, 2012, p. 21). Trafford Centre is a Shopping Centre in the city of Manchester in UK. Situated next to Trafford Park industrial estate and the situation is around 5 miles off the city centre. By retail size, the centre is the second largest retail centre in the UK. The retail centre was acquired by Intu Properties in the year 2011 through a very high scale sale in the history of acquisition in the British history (Moss & DeSanto, 2002, p. 204). This report will create a marketing plan for the shopping centre. In view of the same, the plan will analyse the SWOT analysis of the centre followed by an effective marketing audit. The plan will then make a review of the strategic objectives and discuss the control measures for the company in im plementation of the strategy. The SWOT analysis looks at the critical success factors of the company as far as the expansion strategy in the market is concerned (Cant, Strydo, & Jooste, 2009, p. 45). These will weigh the ability of the company to succeed among the many companies that have been in the area prior to its operations. One of the strengths of the company is its location. The area is accessible by more than 10% of the UK population in which there is only a 45 minute drive to the place (Sharma, 2009, p. 295). This creates s very large market if well supervised. In the orient, the centre has a very large food court in the UK and it is well known as such. It is also accessed through the Manchester shipping canal increasing its availability. The place serves a lot of commodities and services including big car parks, art galleries, the imperial war museum, cinemas and many more services. The weakness of this place is that the visitor

Analysis of Robert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Essay

Analysis of Robert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The poem, â€Å"Stopping by Woods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  speaks of a time that the author paused during a trip to simply enjoy the quiet and beauty of nature. During this short stop, he contemplates mortality and his life so far. Frost also cleverly uses the poems form and sounds to enhance the poem, to entice the readers senses, and immerse them in the scene. With repetitive â€Å"s† and â€Å"h† sounds throughout the poem one can imagine the sound of the sled sliding through the snow, or perhaps the â€Å"easy wind and downy flake† through the trees. The poem was written in iambic tetrameter, which also lends a steady rhythm that mimics the motion of the sled. Or perhaps the â€Å"s† sound could signify that the main character is shivering, for it is the â€Å"darkest evening of the year†, and presumably the coldest. The last two lines of the poem, â€Å"And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep† seem to echo each other. Why did Frost repeat this phrase when one occurrence would be sufficient? The first â€Å"And miles† qu...

Decision Making Technique with Internet Reference

The Decision Technique I chose to write about is the â€Å"Six Thinking Hats – Looking at a Decision from all Points of View.† This technique was created by Dr. Edward de Bono. Dr. Bono is regarded as the leading international authority in conceptual and creative thinking and in the teaching of thinking as a skill. Of all the decision making technique I researched, this is the one that I agreed with the most in regards to the situation that I had in mind when researching decision making skills. This technique was very interesting to me because it made you look at a problem from all points of view. You could not be biased on one opinion or force of influence. It forced you to think outside the box. When making a decision, I feel that you must look at the issue from all points of view and not just your own biases or emotions. At times making a decision can be very hard, especially when you are the supervisor and responsible for your department. When both the decision and outcome it may have will ultimately affect you and your department and add the fact that you are the one that has to answer to higher authority. This is why I really think this technique is great because you incorporate how it will affect everyone around you from the employee to higher management. How this decision making technique works is that there are literally six hat you wear and each hat has a different way of thinking. For example: the first hat you wear is the â€Å"White Hat.† This hat allows you to focus on data and/or information. This is where you identify the problem or issue with the information you have by researching the information. The second hat you wear once you have the problem is the â€Å"Red Hat.† This is where you bring in the human in yourself and others. By realizing your intuition, reflex reaction and/or emotions. You also allow others to come in by realizing how they will react to the issue, how they will feel, how they will want to handle it, etc. This is a very important step in decision making because no matter what you chose to do this is the step that will make you or break you, in my opinion. This is where you will get your decision across to others by considering their reaction/emotions as well. The next hat that will be worn will be the â€Å"Black Hat.† Just as the color is stereo typed as â€Å"bad† this is where you think of all the negative reactions and how your decision will not work. This is where you analyze the issue and your decision and see where the mistakes are in your decision. This is also an important step as you consider the impact of your decision and the â€Å"what ifs.† The next hat is the â€Å"Yellow Hat.† Like a beautiful day when the sun is out and the weather is great to be outdoors and it is your day off. This is where you think optimistically and you see the good in your decision, which is a great step from coming out of the â€Å"Black Hat.† The next hat is the â€Å"Green Hat.† This is the step that you take off on. Your have already looked at the bad side and good side of your decision. This is where you get to be creative and brainstorm your decision and/or ideas. You are free at this point to write down all your ideas with no one to stop you. Finally, the last hat is the â€Å"Blue Hat.† Not because you are blue as in sad, because the ideas are not coming out as freely or when there is a back up plan needed. Those you are presenting the decision to usually wear this hat. Blue is neither good nor bad but can lead you back to the green hat or when you need a back-up plan which will send you back to the Black Hat. Because the organization I work for deals a lot with the public investigating, the dress code is an important issue. Recently in our organization this topic came up and it was addressed in a more formal way than usual. What was sent to everyone via the email was an explanation of why a Dress Code was being presented along with a List of What is permissible and not permissible to wear. The reason I feel that the â€Å"Six Hat† Technique would have been very useful in this situation is because I do not think that whomever made the decision of what was allowed to be worn or not considered other's opinions or forces of influence. The list of what is allowed to be worn or not could be based on a person's perception, depending on which side of the fence you were on. They left it open for scrutiny and conflict among employees and supervisors. By using the â€Å"Six Hats Technique, it would of allowed those in command to bring into the decisions making the employees that this issue will affect as well as their perception or biases in regards to the list of clothes. It would of allowed them to think the process more thoroughly as it is very hard to have a dress code with a diverse culture in our organization. To speak on behalf of the Dress Code Committee, it is very hard to try to please everyone. I feel that neither this decision making technique or any other technique used would of produced the perfect Dress Code List that would please everyone. This is one of those situations that you acknowledge you will be open to a lot of criticism. Because there is such diversity in culture, age, religious backgrounds etc., the perfect Dress Code List does not exist. Whatever technique was used in this decision making issue I feel was the best that they could do. Perhaps they should sign up for this course and learn how to frame the problem and learn to use better decision making techniques when making such an important decision that affects so many employees.

Effect of overconfidence that happens within the market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2346 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Odean (1998) theoretically investigated the effects of overconfidence in different market structures which differ in information distribution and in price determination. He presented overconfidence effects on different market measures such as trading volume, market depth, volatility, expected utility and market efficiency taking overconfidence of different traders: price takers in the market where information is broadly disseminated, strategic-trading insiders in markets with concentrated information and market-makers. Odean assumed that investors were rational in all respects except valuing the information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effect of overconfidence that happens within the market" essay for you Create order They overestimate the precision of their information signals. The most robust result presented is that trading volume increases when price-takers, insiders or market-makers are overconfident, however market depth also increases but expected utility of overconfident traders decrease. He also presented that overconfidence of price takers worsens the price quality but overconfidence in insiders improves it. Overconfident traders increase volatility though overconfident market makers may decrease it. Overconfident price takers reduce market efficiency because they are overconfident about their ability to interpret publicly disclosed information while overconfident insiders temporarily increase the market efficiency. In the presence of many overconfident traders market tends to under-react to the information of rational traders. Markets also under-react to highly relevant information and overreact to salient but less relevant information. Daniel, Hirshleifer and Subrahmanyam (1998) developed theoretical models based on investor overconfidence and self attribution biased. They made distinction between public and private information and defined investor overconfidence as overestimation of the precision of private information signals, but not of information signals that are publicly received. In their model, investors are quasi-rational in a way that they are Bayesian optimizers except for over valuing valid private information and biased updating of precision. Overconfidence makes investors to overestimate precision of their own valuation abilities and as a result they overestimate precision of private information signals. The theory predicts stock market under and over reaction on the basis of investor overconfidence and changes in confidence resulting from biased self-attribution of investment outcomes. Primary theme of the study was that stock prices overreact to private information signals and under react to public information signals. Unlike Odean (1998b) who presented trading volume implications of investor overconfidence, Daniel et. al. focus was on return implications of overconfidence. They showed that under certain circumstances security returns are positively auto-correlated in the short run (momentum) but negatively auto-correlated in the long run and overconfidence cause excess volatility. Odean (1998b) examined the disposition effect, the propensity of investors to sell winning investments too early and hold losing investments too long, by analyzing trading records of 10,000 randomly selected accounts from January 1987 to December 1993 at a nationwide discount brokerage house. The data file included 162,948 records of all trades made in 10,000 accounts. Accounts that were closed during the window period were not replaced which made data subject to survivorship bias to some extent in favor of more successful investors. For each day Odean constructed a portfolio of securities for which the purchase date and prices were known and compared the selling price for each stock sold to its average purchase price to determine whether that stock is sold for a gain or a loss. Securities not sold on a particular day were considered to be as unrealized (paper) gain or loss. He constructed two proportions, proportion of gain realized PGR (realized gain divided by realized gain plus p aper gain) and proportion of loss realized PLR (realized loss divided by realized loss plus paper loss). He developed two hypothesis: 1. PGR is greater than PLR (for the entire year), 2. (PLR PGR) in December is greater than (PLR PGR) in January-November. The second hypothesis was for analyzing tax motivated selling in December. He also analyzed PLR and PGR by partitioning the data in time periods and in frequent traders and infrequent traders. He showed the results by comparing proportions using t-test and concluded that investors exhibited a strong preference for selling winners and holding losers throughout the year except December when tax-motivated selling was prominent. Further, desire to rebalance or to avoid the higher trading costs of low priced stocks did not seem to motivate investor behavior. Gervais and Odean (2001) developed a multi-period equilibrium model that describes the process by which traders learn about their abilities and how a bias in this learning makes them overconfident. The model argued that traders initially do not know their ability but they infer it from their success and failure. Traders are biased in assessing their ability when they take too much credit for their success. This leads them to become overconfident. This biasness is more prevalent in early stages of trades careers. With more experience, traders better assess their abilities. Further, overconfident traders are wealthy as a result of success but wealth is not a function of overconfidence. However, process of becoming wealthy can make traders overconfident. Due to wealth of overconfident traders, they are not in immediate danger of being driven out of the marketplace. Overconfidence of a particular trader would not grow indefinitely; it would decrease gradually with time and experience. Bu t, in a market in where new traders are born every minute, overconfidence will flourish. The model showed that higher returns from general market increase make investors overconfident due to their biased attribution of returns to their abilities and therefore they trade more actively. The primary implications of model were: periods of market increase would tend to be followed by periods of increased aggregate trading. Aggregate trading would likely to rise late in a bull market and to fall late in a bear market. Volatility would also increase with the degree of traders learning bias. Due to suboptimal behavior overconfident would lower their profit. Odean (1999) tested the proposition that overconfident investor would trade too much in the market. The data included ten thousand customer accounts randomly selected from accounts that were active in 1987. It was provided by a large discount brokerage house and had 162,948 records of all trades made in sample accounts from 1987 to 1993. Odean (1999) examined that whether the trading profits of discount brokerage customers were enough to cover their trading costs. Return horizons were taken as four months (84 trading days), one year (252 trading days), and two years (504 trading days). The first null hypothesis was established as, the difference in returns (average returns to securities bought minus the average returns to security sold) was greater than or equal to the average total cost of a round-trip trade (i.e about 5.9 percent) over all the return horizons. The second null hypothesis was that average returns to securities bought were greater than or equal to those sold over the same horizons. Due to lack of independence between overlapping periods statistical test that require independence were not employed. Instead, bootstrapping an empirical distribution under the assumption that returns were drawn from the same distribution was used to test the significance of differences in returns. The results showed that investors trade too much in that their returns were reduced through trading even after controlling for trades motivated by tax-loss selling, liquidity demands, portfolio rebalancing and a move towards lower-risk securities. Overconfident investors actually lowered their returns through trading even when trading costs are ignored. De Bondt and Thaler (1995) reviewed the literature on behavioral finance. They argued that the key behavioral factor needed to understand the trading puzzle is overconfidence. They further pointed out that overconfidence can explain why portfolio managers trade too much, why active equity managers are hired by pension funds, and why financial economists often hold actively managed portfolios. Moreover, high trading volume and the pursuit of active investment strategies look to be inconsistent with common knowledge of rationality. Benos (1998) developed a theoretical model of overconfidence. He examined the overconfidence where some risk neutral investors overestimate the precision of their private information. He analyzed a strategic model of trading in a call auction market with many informed traders. Investors overestimate their precision in a way that when they receive imperfect information on asset characteristics, some treat it cautiously, realizing that it may contain irrelevant noise, while, others think signals are perfect. In his model some informed investors were overconfident about their estimates of unknown variables or about their valuation abilities. And also all market participants knew about the beliefs of all their opponents and about the overconfidence of traders and reacted accordingly. And overconfident investors compete in market orders with informed traders who have rational expectations. The model concluded that presence of overconfident traders in the market results in higher trading v olume, more depth, higher volatility and increased market efficiency. Striking result presented was that overconfident traders may make higher expected profits. This is due to first-mover in competition setting. Gallant, Rossi and Tauchen (1992) investigated price and trading volume co-movement. Their empirical study was mainly a data-based effort. It was not organized around the specification and testing of a particular model or class of models. To analyze the relationship between contemporaneous trading volume and volatility and the relationships among prices, volatility, and volume over time were the two main objectives among four. A bi-variate time series of 16,127 daily observations on the SP composite index and total NYSE trading volume from 1928 to 1987 was used. They employed seminonparametric estimation approach, which was a nonparametric estimation strategy, to analyze the data. The nonparametric choice was adopted to avoid risk of specification errors with parametric techniques. Initially data was adjusted for both long term trends and known calendar effects using different dummy variables. Data was further partitioned into three sub-periods to analyze the stability of the finding s. The results explained that there is positive and nonlinear relationship between daily price change and daily trading volume. Conditional volatility and trading volume are also positively related. Positive relationship also revealed between risk and return after conditioning on lagged trading volume. Statman, Thorley and Vorkink (2006) empirically tested the theories of overconfidence developed by Odean (1998) and Gervais and Odean (2001). The focus of the study was on trading volume implications of overconfidence. The study incorporated the overconfidence hypothesis as a separate theory of trading activity related to investors beliefs about trading in general, rather than an attitude about individual stocks they currently hold (disposition effect). The primary hypothesis was that past market returns can explain the current trading volume. In other words, there is long-lag relationship between market returns and trading volume. Database consists of monthly observations on all NYSE/AMEX common stocks, excluding closed-end funds, REITs, and ADRs, from August 1962 to December 2002. Vector autoregressive (VAR) model at market level and individual security level, was used to empirically test the implications of overconfidence. They constructed a market portfolio consisted of all the s ecurities and calculated the variables. Monthly market return and monthly trading volume were endogenous, and monthly volatility based on daily data and value weighted cross sectional mean average deviation from market returns were the control variables for market-wide VAR. Individual security level VAR had only one control variable i.e volatility but had three endogenous variables: security return, market returns and security turnover. Turnover variable was constructed as total shares traded divided by outstanding shares at the beginning of a month. The key findings of study were: there was a significant positive relationship between market-wide turnover and past market returns after controlling for contemporaneous and lagged volatility associations, consistent with the prediction of the overconfidence hypothesis. Individual security turnover was also positively related to both lagged security returns and lagged market returns. The positive security turnover response to own lagged return was interpreted as disposition effect, while positive turnover response to lagged market returns was interpreted as change in investor overconfidence. The phenomena of overconfidence and disposition effect trading were both more prominent in small-cap stocks. Zaiane and Abaoub (2009) examined empirically the theory of overconfidence in a small Tunisian market using Vector autoregressive (VAR) model and related impulse response functions. Database consisted of monthly observations of common stocks from January 2000 to December 2006. Raw shares-traded was treated as proxy for trading volume. Market returns and trading volume were endogenous variables in VAR. Whereas, volatility and value weighted cross sectional dispersion were treated as exogenous or control variables. Variables used were the same as used by Statman et.al. (2006). Hypothesis of the study was that there is positive significant relationship between past returns and current trading volume. Little evidence of relationship between trading volume and lagged returns was found in Tunisian market which was interpreted as absence of overconfidence. Though, past returns affect trading activity over some months but mostly, relationship is insignificant. However, significant positive r elation was found between volume and volatility. Pisedtasalasai and Gunasekarage (2007) examined the causal and dynamic relationships among stock returns, trading volume and return volatility in five emerging markets of South-East Asia: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Singapore using daily data. Specifically, they investigated contemporaneous relationship between return and volume, effect of trading volume on return volatility and causal relationship between return and trading volume. They used simple regression equation for contemporaneous relationship, EGARCH model for trading volume and return volatility relationship and Vector autoregressive model for Causality. The dataset was collected from Datastream. The selection criteria for equity indices were based on representation of majority of securities and availability of corresponding trading volume. Jakarta Stock Exchange Composite Index (JSECI) for Indonesia, the Manila Stock Exchange Composite Index (MSECI) for the Philippines, theKuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Com posite Index (KLSECI) for Malaysia, the Bangkok SET Index (BSETI) for Thailand and the Datastream Market Index (DMI) for Singapore were analyzed. Data series started from January 1990 for MSECI, DMI, and BSETI, from January 1991 for JSECI and from March 1996 for KLSECI. All series ended at December 2004. To check robustness of results dummy variables for Monday effect and for Asian Financial Crisis 1997 were also incorporated. The results showed the evidence of a statistically significant causal relationship from stock returns to trading volume for Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Such evidence was not found for Philippines market. Causality from trading volume to stock returns was detected only for Singapore. Evidence of trading volume being useful in predicting return volatility was found only for Singapore and Philippines markets. Striking behavior of Philippines market was suspected as due to lower capitalization of the market.